Mark Henderson, Science Editor
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Towns and cities need to be radically redesigned to help to tackle the obesity epidemic, scientists were told —yesterday. Professor Philip James, chairman of the International Obesity Task Force, a London-based think-tank, called for a revolution in urban planning to encourage people to use cars less and public transport more.
He told a conference of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston that it was naive to expect people to lose weight by making better choices about diet and exercise when their surroundings encouraged inactivity.
Urban designers had created an “obesogenic environment” by planning public spaces around the car. Transport systems that made it easier to drive than to walk, cycle or take public transport were the worst contributors to obesity.
He also blamed the rise of desk-bound office work and sedentary leisure activities such as watching television, surfing the internet and playing computer games. Lifts and escalators, and even labour-saving devices such as electric toothbrushes and can-openers added to the problem.
“Blaming individuals for their personal vulnerability to weight gain is no longer acceptable in a world where the majority is already overweight and obesity is rising everywhere,” said Professor James, of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. “It is naive of ill-informed politicians and food industry executives to place the onus on individuals making ‘healthier choices’ whilst the environment in which we live is the overwhelming factor amplifying the epidemic.
“It is even more naive to tell people that they just need to make a little change in their eating habits or their daily activity and suddenly the obesity problem will be remarkably easily solved.” Rather than pouring billions into creating more car-filled town centres and motorway networks, it was now necessary to curtail car use.
“The alternative of simply advocating more leisure activity is increasingly seen not to work without sustained additional changes to town planning and transport,” he said. The think-tank belongs to the International Association for the Study of Obesity, an umbrella body for 52 national obesity organisations Research by Rena Wing, of Brown University in Rhode Island, found that it was unrealistic for most people who lost weight to keep it off by making small lifestyle changes such as using stairs. While small efforts such as this could stop people who were already slim from from getting fat, those who had lost weight needed to add 90 minutes of walking to their daily routines to avoid putting it back on again.
“We live in an obesogenic environment that relies heavily on fast food, automobiles and remote controls – all of which can be labelled as ‘toxic’ to maintaining a healthy body weight,” Dr Wing said.In a study, Dr Wing and James Hill, of the University of Colorado Denver, who run the the US National Weight Control Registry, examined data on more than 5,000 successful dieters who had lost an average of 5 stone and kept it off for six years.
They found that successful weight-watchers ate a low-calorie diet, including breakfast, watched little television and incorporated much more exercise than is usual into their daily routines. “They do a tremendous amount of physical activity, burning off about 2,800 calories a week,” she said. “If you just do walking, to burn off that many calories, you would need to walk 28 miles a week, the equivalent of a marathon. That’s about four miles each day in the week. We estimate that will take them 90 minutes.
“If you want to lose weight and keep it off, you need to really change your lifestyle, particularly if you’re overweight or have a family history of obesity. The obesity epidemic won’t go away simply because people switch to skimmed milk.”
Professor James highlighted Oslo in Norway as an example of a “slim city”, where the built environment is structured to discourage car use and encourage walking and cycling. Urban planning in the Netherlands and Denmark has also incorporated more physical activity in daily lives, lowering obesity rates.
Professor James attacked some food manufacturers and retailers for resisting “traffic light” labelling schemes. He said: “The approach seems to be the one many parts of the food industry fear most – and perhaps for good reason because it warns consumers when what they are getting is mostly a junk-food combination of fattening ingredients of little nutritional value.”
He said that for half a century, food technology had refined the production of precise combinations of flavours – largely artificial – that could hook us on particular types of foods. “Along with that precision targeting of taste, finely honed techniques of marketing have been used to mould consumer preferences in ways which were unthinkable for earlier generations. In particular the way in which children have been targeted in recent decades has shown that the ruthless drive to increase sales and consumption figures has overridden common sense and the need for social responsibility.”
Fat file
— 60 per cent of all journeys made by Dutch people aged over 60 are by bike.
— 10.4 per cent of Dutch men and 10.1 per cent of women aged 20-60 are obese. In England, 24.9 per cent of males and 25.2 per cent of women over 16 are obese
— 70 per cent of Tongan women aged 15-85 are obese. Tonga and nearby Nauru have the world’s fattest populations
— More than a million prescriptions for antiobesity drugs are given out each year 30 per cent of British children are overweight.
Sources: IOTF, NHS information centre, Times database
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I absolutely agree with most of the comments I'm reading here. My weight is my responsibility, as is what I eat and how much or what type of exercise I choose to use.
However, I think we miss the angle that the good Prof. is coming at this from. My guess is that the International Obesity Task Force and the American Association for the Advancement of Science whom he was addressing when he made these comments are looking at it, "in the large" if you will forgive the pun. Such organisations are seeking appropriate policies for governments, health authorities, local councils and others with a degree of responsibility for public welfare. It is in their interests and ours that planning policies contribute to our health and wellbeing.
So let's take responsibilty for our own eating and excercise. And lets design our public spaces and infrastructure to encourage us all to make the right choices.
Adrian, Sheerness, UK
We need to get more children walking and cycling to school and less trips in mum and dads 4x4. I run a project in London getting overweight children to learn to cycle.It is much easier to keep the weight off when cycling becomes a part of every day life. www.pedal4health.co.uk
Fred, London, UK
I'm just glad to hear someone is trying to do something about how fat I am.
Tim, St. Joseph, MI
This character cannot be serious. You can't blame people for their personal weight gain? What, someone's shoving food down their throat?
My wife and I lost 55 and 65 lbs each respectively over the past year because we chose to eat right and exercise. I'm not trying to appear self-righteous or anything, it's just that, when I hear someone say something this ludicrous, it demands to be refuted. I don't blame the TV or my computer for my weight gain. I was the one eating. I was the one not exercising. I was the one who took the extra chocolate, simply because I wanted it.
My wife and I both feel so much better. We no longer have sleep apnea, we no longer snore and are better rested. We get our work done better, with more energy. We have more fun on our bicycles and other outdoor activities. She's had to reduce her blood pressure medication, and I've had to reduce my cholesterol medication, and avoided going on another medicine for acid reflux, which is also gone!
Tim, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Maggie from Oxford - SPOT ON!!! Yet another government
statement the general public can quote. "Oh, did you hear? Apparently it wasn' t the three chocolate bars and pint of lard i had for breakfast this morning that's making me fat; there aren't enough pedestrian crossings". Exercise is what you do above and beyond going to the shops. if you want to be healthy : Eat Less Run More. it is not rocket science. if you don't want to be healthy please tell the government this so they can stop wasting money trying to find a cure for fat people.
MM, Sydney,
"revolution in urban planning to encourage people to use cars less and public transport more."
How is this going to help people loose weight? Either they ride in their car or they ride in the bus.. The net difference in colories burnt is so minute to inconsequential.
If town planning is going to help obese people loose weight then cut down on public transport as well as cars to force people to walk. With obvious exceptions such as the elderly....
James , Melbourne, Australia
Perhaps the government could plan the flattening of Sheffield, then I'm sure a lot more of us would be happy to use our bikes like the Dutch. I would cycle everywhere if I didn't have a mile-long steep hill to get back home on! (disclaimer: obviously I love Sheffield's hills and wouldn't have them flattened because they give the city character. It would just be nice from a cycling point-of-view)
And my great-aunt used her bike to get around Oxford until she was 86 and a bit wobbly.
Jessica, Sheffield,
Ray that Ice cream shake sounds great I think I will have one also.
I have no problem with this becasue for the last 1 1/2 years I have been biking from Racine to Kenosha for work. It is just over 11 miles each way. And Sigrid I have been biking thru the winter. Now some days I have had to drive because of the poor conditions, or take the bus 2/3 the way home, but I have riden most of the days. Now in the summer I usally get to work in 50 minutes and some days during the winter it has been more like 90 minutes but I still make it.
What keeps most people from riding their bikes is the lack of trying and changing their mindsets about what they can do.
Biking under poor conditions take more concentration and effort and the willingness to get back up after you fall off your bike. Even with (sofar) a broken collar bone and 3 broken ribs).
Todd, Racine, WI
I agree. You cannot hold individuals responsible for their actions. It's just not fair. I know it's not my fault and I know it's not your fault as well.
Wow, I feel better. A giant size ice cream shake with nuts and extra chocolate, really sounds good. I'm going to wheel my self over to the refrigerator (my computer chair has wheels), right now!
Ray, Fort Wayne, USA
BRAVO, Maggie (Oxford)!!!
It's nonsense enough that Prof. James believes that "individuals are not responsible" for what they put in their own mouths. Ultimately, it is criminally dangerous to a free society when he suggests "The State" should decide for us how we live our lives to such an extent.
MY suggestion: have him live under such "controlled" conditions for a year or two - being told what and when to eat, sleep, drink, work, play, etc (...not that he would be "naive" enough to think HE could decide that for himself!) - and see what he thinks of his insidious "Nanny knows best what's best for his own good" prattle thereafter.
Ed Wallis, Washington, DC, USA
Oslo just lacks parking spaces so it is almost impossible to have a car if you live downtown. Nowhere to park outside your house/flat and nowhere to park outside work. Just like London I suppose. Only in the last 10 years or so have they increased the pedestrian areas and it is only in the city centre. Norwegians are naturally sporty people and they still take their kids out for long walks/skiingtrips every weekend. Norwegians prefer the atlethic look and fat people are often considered lazy (as they obvisouly move less and so do lesst). They eat less readymeals, chips and crisps. I had never seen anybody eat crisps for lunch until I moved to Britain.
htp, Llandudno, Wales/Norway
NONSENSE! I walk and bicycle (weather permitting) plenty every day, but I put my foot down when some supposed "expert" wants to TELL me what/when/where I need to go for exercise. Like Maggie said above, it is the individual's responsibility; take that away, and you are truly moving towards a "we'll tell you what's for your own good" Brave New World. Let Professor James first live under the constraints of his own suggestion for a few years, then let's see what he has to say. I say, NO THANK YOU!
Monika Reiner, Munich,
I agree wholeheartedly with this article. I no longer have a car - I have moved from a village where I was completely reliant on a car and utterly sedentary to a big city with a decent public transport system and I probably walk at least two miles a day as a matter of course. Because I can only buy what I can carry from the shops, and I don't buy processed food, it means that my family eats healthily and I get regular, weight bearing exercise. And yes, I do have school age children and I do work so I have time constraints but but be honest, the amount of time wasted trying to find a parking spot or finding oneself boxed in with double parking means that I am no more time poor than before ...while not exactly svelte, I am nowhere near obese and my children are as fit as butchers' dogs from being marched around mercilessly by their mother.
katie, Stockholm,
In the Netherlands, bikes work for transport. Here in the United States where we often live 30-45 minutes drive or more from work in bedroom communities well beyond the jobs in the cities, this is impossible. We have a terrible rail system which nobody uses and everyone drives everywhere. It isn't even safe to walk outside of some subdivisions because they're located on dangerous highways. Walking to the store for groceries is inconceivable. So we all get fatter and fatter. Our climate in the Northern US where I live is also a huge detriment. We have had 70 inches of snow this year and below zero F. temperatures. Who wants to walk in that? To get to a YMCA where there's a track is a 15 minute drive which is also a huge inconvenience in a busy day. Walking 90 minutes a day is wishful thinking, I fear. It's really sad how we live today. I hate it, frankly.
Sigrid, Waukesha, WI USA
Of course, the government is obfuscating the issues.
First off, obesity isn't a drain on the NHS - a recent study shows that, on average, smokers and the obese cost the NHS less than their skinny, healthy counterparts, because they don't live as long.
So why the govt hoo-har? Well, to try to deny health care for those who've already paid for it - because their health policies \ budgeting is unsustainable in the long term.
W Smith, Manchester,
In the Netherlands everyone has a bike, children cycle to school, they bring lunch from home but sweets and crisps are forbidden. OK, the country is flat as a pancake but the Dutch hop on their bikes off to the supermarket until well into their seventies.
Carolina, Rotterdam,
If only I could use public transport but Hampshire County Council have reduced our bus service to almost nothing with only college busses running and nothing on weekends or college holidays!!
John Evans, Alton, Hampshire
âBlaming individuals for their personal vulnerability to weight gain is no longer acceptable..."
Ridiculous, just another manifestation of the "blameless" society we live in. "It's not my fault I'm obese. It's the food manufacturers, the government, the supermarkets... Boo hoo, don't blame me." Please! A 150g or 300kg person doesn't have someone else force-feeding them. What goes in your mouth is your decision. If you make bad decisions and get fat, it's your fault. Get over it and when you finally stop blaming everyone else, you'll do something about it.
Well, the only people who are relatively blameless are the 30% of British children who are overweight. They can blame their parents and their bad decisions.
Maggie, Oxford,